This is a "Human Waste Packout system" for Mt Shasta.
We had an IotD about this way back when. It turns out that on many mountains there is so much human traffic in climbers that human waste becomes a serious problem. So climbers are asked to take their waste off the mountain.
After you "use" the target, you are asked to write down your score with a little pencil in the kit. Then you sprinkle your output with cat litter, roll it all up and put it in the paper bag shown, then put all THAT in the plastic bag shown. Then you pack it up and take it along with you. And this paragraph is entirely true, except for the words "write down your score with a little pencil in the kit". You are expected to remember your score, on your honor.