The kind of camera you're describing is a DSLR, and you're gonna have to go to craigslist or the local pawnshop to git'er done for under $300.
The other technology is EVIL, see discussion in the Photography 101 thread.
As for manufacturer, I'm a Canon man, but Nikon is the other titan in this field. All the other top tier makers have superlative equipment too, Sony, Pentax, Olympus, etc. You're gonna have a hard time keeping it in that price range. I suggest you look for a Canon EOS Rebel.
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